"There are no secrets of Japanese management, however: it is even doubtful whether there is such a thing as management, in the American sense, in Japan at all.
The secret is in Japanese society; and if any group in society should be singled out as carriers of the secret, it is the workers, not the managers"
Geert Hofstede
University of Limburg,
Maastricht, the Netherlands
Source: Cultural constraints in management theories
Academy of Management Executive, 1993
Volume, 7, Number 1
Page 84
Further reading